[{"id":37939,"date":"2024-04-18T09:57:25","date_gmt":"2024-04-18T13:57:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/?p=37939"},"modified":"2024-04-18T11:16:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-18T15:16:11","slug":"changing-scholarship-reconsidering-eliza-monroes-birthplace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2024\/04\/18\/changing-scholarship-reconsidering-eliza-monroes-birthplace\/","title":{"rendered":"Changing Scholarship: Reconsidering Eliza Monroe’s Birthplace"},"content":{"rendered":"

Changing Scholarship: Reconsidering Eliza Monroe’s Birthplace<\/h1>\n

A recent review of a previously unknown manuscript has prompted a reconsideration of earlier scholarship regarding the birthplace of Eliza Monroe Hay. Her birth in early December 1786 had originally been understood to have occurred in Fredericksburg, but evidence now supports that she was instead born in King George County, likely at the farm of James Monroe’s maternal uncle, Judge Joseph Jones.<\/p>\n

James Monroe met Elizabeth Kortright in New York during his service in Congress in 1785. They married in February the following year. Following the completion of his third Congressional term, Monroe proposed to move to Virginia with the intent of establishing a law practice, but vacillated between Richmond or Fredericksburg.[1]<\/a> He was aided in this decision by Joseph Jones, a paternalistic figure to him, who counseled him regarding the saturated nature of the legal field and high cost of living in Richmond.[2]<\/a> Alternatively, and in favor of Fredericksburg, Jones offered assistance in obtaining cases for Monroe’s practice and the use of a recently acquired house there.[3]<\/a> Jones initially did not intend the house to be used as a residence for himself, but planned to either sell it quickly for profit or allow his nephew to use it for convenience.[4]<\/a> Monroe accepted the offer and relocated to Virginia in late October, visiting Mount Vernon for several days en route.[5]<\/a> Washington recorded in his diary of 25 October that “Mr. Maddison and Colo. Monroe & his Lady set out after breakfast for Fredericksburgh” where Jones “…rec’d [them] with great kindness at his house…”, likely at his primary residence of Spring Hill in neighboring King George County.[6]<\/a> James and Elizabeth Monroe welcomed their first child, Eliza, in early December 1786, and took up residence at 301 Caroline Street in Fredericksburg in late January or early February of 1787.<\/p>\n

Monroe’s surviving outgoing correspondence for the 4-month period between leaving New York and settling in Fredericksburg is markedly sparse, with only 4 documents currently extant. It is likely that both he and Elizabeth maintained additional communications with colleagues, friends, and family, but those documents have either not survived or not been made public. This void in the record necessitates a close reading of additional correspondence to fully understand the specifics of the Monroes’ residence during this time period, with clues scattered throughout several documents.<\/p>\n

The first significant source is a letter written from Joseph Jones to Monroe, dated 7 December 1786.[7]<\/a> In it, Jones explains that he had previously allowed his stepson, John Dawson, to take temporary occupation of the Fredericksburg house but had not expected him to remain quite so long as to the present. He and Dawson arranged for renovations on an adjacent kitchen building, currently occupied by unnamed tenants, to make it into more habitable quarters for Dawson’s use. His transition there would allow the Monroes to take up residence in the main house with Dawson, a bachelor, joining them for meals. This letter also serves as the record of birth for Eliza Monroe, with Jones conveying to Elizabeth “…joy of her safe delivery…”. While the precipitating letter has not survived, it is likely that Monroe had communicated the news of Eliza’s birth in it earlier that week. Regardless, this letter makes it clear that the house at 301 Caroline Street was not available to the Monroes at the time of Eliza’s birth.<\/p>\n

The second significant clue is found in a previously unidentified letter from Monroe to John Francis Mercer, dated February 1787.[8]<\/a> The letter served to reinvigorate a previously flagging correspondence between the two friends, and allowed Monroe to update Mercer on the current state of his young family.[9]<\/a> Writing from Fredericksburg, rather than Spring Hill as his previous letters had been, Monroe shared that they “…have been settled here about two weeks.”[10]<\/a> This further substantiates his later statement to Thomas Jefferson that he had moved his family “…into this town [Fredericksburg]…during the course of the winter” rather than having been established there in October.[11]<\/a> James Madison, traveling through Fredericksburg in mid-January, “…regretted when at Fredericksburg that I should be so near without seeing you both, but it was impossible without culpable delay & wd have been otherwise inconvenient.”[12]<\/a> A visit to Caroline Street was unlikely to have been either a significant delay or inconvenient, but a visit to Spring Hill, which entailed a ferry ride and 12 miles of muddy winter roads, certainly would have been. Additionally, the Monroes did not begin commissioning and purchasing furniture until early February 1787, as they would have had no need of it during their interim residency at Spring Hill.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

This shift in scholarship, while subtle, highlights the importance of remaining mindful of and receptive to continued clarifications within the historic record.<\/p>\n

______________<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, 19 January 1786 (Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 263<\/a>); Joseph Jones to James Monroe, 9 February 1786 (Monroe Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 276<\/a>; James Monroe to Joseph Jones, 2 March 1786 (James Monroe Museum, Fredericksburg, Virginia), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 279<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Joseph Jones to James Monroe, January 1786 (James Monroe Museum, Fredericksburg, Virginia), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 270<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Joseph Jones to James Monroe, 27 February 1786 (Monroe Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 277<\/a>; Joseph Jones to James Monroe, 14 March 1786 (Monroe Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 281<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Joseph Jones to James Monroe, 25 March 1786 (James Monroe Museum, Fredericksburg, Virginia), Papers of James Monroe 2: 286<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Joseph Jones to James Monroe, 30 April 1786 (Monroe Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 289<\/a>; James Monroe to James Madison, 7 October 1786 (Monroe Papers, New York Public Library), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 362<\/a>; Diary entry: 23 October 1786 (The Diaries of George Washington<\/em>, ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig [1979], 5: 56)<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Diary entry: 25 October 1786 (The Diaries of George Washington<\/em>, ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig [1979], 5: 57); James Monroe to John Francis Mercer, February 1787 (Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection, 1668-1996, American Philosophical Society)<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Joseph Jones to James Monroe, 7 December 1786 (Monroe Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 367<\/a><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> James Monroe to John Francis Mercer, February 1787 (Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection, 1668-1996, American Philosophical Society)<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> John Francis Mercer to James Monroe, December 1786 (James Monroe Papers, Special Collections Research Center, William & Mary Libraries), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 370<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> James Monroe to James Madison, November 1786 (Sol Feinstone Collection, David Library of the American Revolution, on deposit at the American Philosophical Society), Madison Papers 17: 511; James Monroe to James Madison, 16 December 1786 (Madison Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 368<\/a>; James Monroe to John Francis Mercer, February 1787 (Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection, 1668-1996, American Philosophical Society)<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, 27 July 1787 (Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 390<\/a><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> James Madison to James Monroe, 11 February 1787 (Madison Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 374<\/a><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> James Monroe to James Madison, 6 February 1787 (Monroe Papers, New York Public Library), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 373<\/a>; James Madison to James Monroe, 25 February 1787 (Madison Papers, Library of Congress), Papers of James Monroe, 2: 374<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Changing Scholarship: Reconsidering Eliza Monroe’s Birthplace A recent review of a previously unknown manuscript has prompted a reconsideration of earlier scholarship regarding the birthplace of Eliza Monroe Hay. 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Memoriam\u2014Marlena DeLong"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In Memoriam\u2014Marlena DeLong<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2023\/10\/Delong-PJM-vol-1-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-37907\" src=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2023\/10\/Delong-PJM-vol-1-1-219x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"301\" data-wp-editing=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2023\/10\/Delong-PJM-vol-1-1-219x300.jpg 219w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2023\/10\/Delong-PJM-vol-1-1-465x636.jpg 465w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2023\/10\/Delong-PJM-vol-1-1.jpg 568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">The staff of the <em>Papers of James Monroe<\/em> acknowledge with regret the recent passing of their longtime colleague Marlena DeLong.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">An assistant editor from 2000 to 2010, Marlena contributed to the preparation for publication of the first four volumes of the series.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">An obituary can be found in the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legacy.com\/us\/obituaries\/saltlaketribune\/name\/marlena-delong-obituary?id=53218850\">Salt Lake Tribune<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Memoriam\u2014Marlena DeLong The staff of the Papers of James Monroe acknowledge with regret the recent passing of their longtime colleague Marlena DeLong. An assistant editor from 2000 to 2010, Marlena contributed to the preparation for publication of the first four volumes of the series. An obituary can be found in the Salt Lake Tribune.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5811,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37902","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","entry","has-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>In Memoriam\u2014Marlena DeLong - Papers of James Monroe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2023\/10\/10\/37902\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"In Memoriam\u2014Marlena DeLong\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In Memoriam\u2014Marlena DeLong The staff of the Papers of James Monroe acknowledge with regret the recent passing of their longtime colleague Marlena DeLong. An assistant editor from 2000 to 2010, Marlena contributed to the preparation for publication of the first four volumes of the series. An obituary can be found in the Salt Lake Tribune.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2023\/10\/10\/37902\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Papers of James Monroe\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-10-10T20:16:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-10-10T20:17:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2023\/10\/Delong-PJM-vol-1-1-219x300.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Heidi Stello\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Heidi Stello\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2023\/10\/10\/37902\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2023\/10\/10\/37902\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Heidi Stello\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/#\/schema\/person\/f3b726d752dca5898c3b299fec3b797d\"},\"headline\":\"In Memoriam\u2014Marlena DeLong\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-10-10T20:16:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-10-10T20:17:53+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2023\/10\/10\/37902\/\"},\"wordCount\":58,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2023\/10\/10\/37902\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2023\/10\/Delong-PJM-vol-1-1-219x300.jpg\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2023\/10\/10\/37902\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2023\/10\/10\/37902\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2023\/10\/10\/37902\/\",\"name\":\"In Memoriam\u2014Marlena DeLong - 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An assistant editor from 2000 to 2010, Marlena contributed to the preparation for publication of the first four volumes of the series. 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Dogs hold sway as a perennial favorite, but other White House pets have ranged from the unexpected (Andrew Jackson’s parrot, Poll, who allegedly had to be <a href=\"https:\/\/thehermitage.com\/history-from-home-presidential-pets\/\">removed from his funeral<\/a> for swearing) to the disappointingly inaccurate (John Quincy Adams did not, in fact, keep a pet alligator in a White House bathtub) to the truly diverse (Calvin and Grace Coolidge fielded a range of animals, from <a href=\"https:\/\/thehermitage.com\/history-from-home-presidential-pets\/\">raccoons to wallabys to lion cubs<\/a>). Was James Monroe in the ranks of presidential pet owners?<\/p>\n<h1>Myth:<\/h1>\n<p>Several published works (and numerous websites) of presidential pet histories attribute two dogs to Monroe’s ownership \u2013 a spaniel who lived with them in the White House, and a Siberian husky named Sebastian.<\/p>\n<h1>Fact:<\/h1>\n<p>Monroe’s surviving correspondence is notoriously sparse for its commentary on matters of a personal nature, and this dearth extends to references to any four-legged members of his household. In fact, of the two explicit references to dogs in the documentary record, neither actually come from Monroe himself.<\/p>\n<h2>Companion Dogs<\/h2>\n<p>The first mention of a dog in relation to the Monroes occurs in 1807. James and Elizabeth, along with their daughters, 21-year-old Eliza and 5-year-old Maria, had only just returned from a four-year diplomatic posting overseas, during which time Monroe had served as a special envoy to France, with additional assignments to Madrid and London. The family was traveling from Portsmouth to Richmond and stopped in Williamsburg to visit long-time friends St. George and Leila Tucker. During that visit, Maria Monroe and her pet spaniel proved to be particularly memorable:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>“Your mama referred you to me for an account of little Maria Monroe…She had a small Spaniel dog, with whom she was continually engaged in at trial of skill, & the general opinion seemed to be that she turned & twisted about more than the Spaniel. At intervals when she had tired the dog, she was bestriding first her Mama’s, then her sister’s, then her Papa’s knees, then again the Spaniel.” Leila and St. George Tucker to Frances Bland (Tucker) Coalter, 18 December 1807 (<a href=\"https:\/\/scrcguides.libraries.wm.edu\/repositories\/2\/archival_objects\/294618\">College of William & Mary, Special Collections: Brown, Tucker, Coalter Papers<\/a>, as cited in the <em>Papers of James Monroe<\/em>, 5: 668)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The Tuckers’ letter offers no additional information about the spaniel, including the breed, its name, or how it was acquired, and it is never mentioned in the Monroes’ household correspondence. \u00a0Monroe’s presidency did not begin for another 10 years, and there is no documentary evidence suggesting that this dog (or any other) resided in the White House with them.<\/p>\n<h2>Working Dogs<\/h2>\n<p>The second reference comes from the Marquis de Lafayette, whose deep and affectionate friendship with Monroe began during their service together as teenagers during the American Revolution. In 1826, Monroe had written to Lafayette, explaining his plans to expand his stock of sheep and asking if Lafayette “…would send me out, a dog, to attend the person, chargd with them.” (JM to Lafayette, 30 May 1826, New York Public Library: Monroe Papers). Lafayette obliged, immediately providing a “…couple of Shepard’s dogs, <u>chien de Brie<\/u>” for use at Monroe’s Leesburg farm, Oak Hill (Lafayette to JM, 28 November 1826, New York Public Library: Monroe Papers). <em>Chien de brie<\/em>, sheep herding dogs originally from the French region of Brie, are now generally associated with the modern Briards (Oxford English Dictionary). Lafayette had previously sent a pair of sheepdogs to Thomas Jefferson in 1809, at a time when the wool industry was gaining significant ground in America (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.monticello.org\/research-education\/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia\/dogs\/\">Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia: Dogs<\/a>). The consideration of dogs almost exclusively for their practical purpose, rather than for a specific breed or role as companions, reflects a view of pets more prevalent in the 18th century, as explored by historian Ingrid Tague in her work <em>Animal Companions: Pets and Social Change in the Eighteenth Century Britain<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The identification of Monroe owning a Siberian husky is nowhere in the documentary record, and not in keeping with the breed’s 20th-century introduction to the United States.<\/p>\n<h1>Conclusion:<\/h1>\n<p>Monroe did not discuss dogs in his personal correspondence except to request a sheep dog from Lafayette. The record of a Spaniel in the Monroe household is not in question, although its presence in the White House is doubtful. \u00a0Specifics of its breed or name are not given in the single reference to it. The original source of the misattribution of a Siberian husky cannot be identified at this time and no evidence of it exists in the documentary record. The use of herding dogs, specifically a Briard, is entirely in keeping with the needs of a working farm such as Oak Hill.<\/p>\n<h1>Further information:<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Ben Franklin’s World podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/benfranklinsworld.com\/episode-275-ingrid-tague-pets-in-early-america\/\">Pets in Early America<\/a> (with Ingrid Tague)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.5325\/j.ctv14gp35w\">Animal Companions: Pets and Social Change in Eighteenth Century Britain<\/a> (Ingrid Tague)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.monticello.org\/research-education\/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia\/dogs\/\">Monticello’s Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia: Dogs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/library\/digitalhistory\/digital-encyclopedia\/article\/dogs\/\">Mount Vernon, Washington Library, Digital Encyclopedia: Dogs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mountvernon.org\/george-washington\/facts\/washington-stories\/soldier-statesman-dog-lover-george-washingtons-pups\/\">George Washington: Soldier, Statesman, Dog Lover<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.akc.org\/expert-advice\/dog-breeds\/briard-breed-history-thomas-jefferson\/\">Briard History: How the French Shepherd Dog Won Over Thomas Jefferson<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Presidential pets have long been a source of interest and delight for the American public. Dogs hold sway as a perennial favorite, but other White House pets have ranged from the unexpected (Andrew Jackson’s parrot, Poll, who allegedly had to be removed from his funeral for swearing) to the disappointingly inaccurate (John Quincy Adams did […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5811,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37859","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-monroe-myths","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Monroe Myths: Presidential Pets - Papers of James Monroe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2022\/09\/02\/presidential-pets\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Monroe Myths: Presidential Pets\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Presidential pets have long been a source of interest and delight for the American public. 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The account of his death is largely drawn from Tench Ringgold, who was Monroe’s “…constant attendant & nurse” for the final months of his life and the author of the above-cited letter to Madison.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> On 7 July, Ringgold shared a more complete account of Monroe’s final months:<\/p>\n<p>“During his illness he often mentioned you to me; and expressed not only his most affectionate regard, respect, and esteem for you, which it gave him pleasure to say had never for forty years been for one moment interrupted, but his great regret that he should leave this world without having the happiness of once more beholding you, his oldest and most valued friend. Of M<u><sup>rs<\/sup><\/u> Madison he likewise often spoke with affectionate respect and esteem.” (Tench Ringgold to James Madison, 7 July 1831 <a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Fortunately, Monroe had been able to share these sentiments with Madison directly, writing in April:<\/p>\n<p>“I deeply regret that there is no prospect of our ever meeting again, since so long have we been connected, & in the most friendly intercourse, in publick & private life, that a final separation is among the most distressing incidents that co<u><sup>d<\/sup><\/u> occur.”(James Monroe to James Madison, 11 April 1831 <a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Madison responded to Ringgold with a touching eulogy that highlighted both their long-standing friendship and his respect for Monroe’s character and decades of public service:<\/p>\n<p>“I need not say to you who so well know how highly I rated the comprehensiveness & character of his mind; the purity & nobleness of his principles; the importance of his patriotic services; and the many private virtues of which his whole life was a model, nor how deeply therefore I must sympathize, on his loss with those who feel it most. A close friendship, continued thro\u2019 so long [a pe]riod & such diversified scenes had grown into an affection very i[mp]erfectly expressed by that term; and I value accordingly the [ma]nifestation in his last hours that the reciprocity never abated.”\u00a0(James Madison to Tench Ringgold, 12 July 1831 <a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>)<\/p>\n<h1><strong>Conclusion<\/strong>:<\/h1>\n<p>It would appear that Monroe’s comment about his regret at not being able to see Madison before his death has been taken out of the context of what he mentioned in his final months and applied instead as his last words. It remains a touching sentiment, regardless of its timing.<\/p>\n<h1>Further Reading:<\/h1>\n<p>While not his final words, Monroe did have a notable <a href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2018\/11\/30\/mr-monroes-dying-request\/\">“dying request”<\/a>: the manumission of Peter Marks, a member of his enslaved community, and his only known emancipation of a slave.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Tench Ringgold to James Madison, 4 July 1831 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mjm020963\/\">Madison Papers, Library of Congress<\/a>); Ringgold also references the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson 5 years earlier, on 4 July 1826.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Tench Ringgold to James Madison, 7 July 1831 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/mjm.23_0717_0718\/?sp=1\">Madison Papers, Library of Congress<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Tench Ringgold to James Madison, 7 July 1831 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mjm020966\/\">Madison Papers, Library of Congress<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/founders.archives.gov\/documents\/Madison\/99-02-02-2387\">\u201cTench Ringgold to James Madison, 7 July 1831,\u201d\u00a0<em>Founders Online,\u00a0<\/em>National Archives<\/a> [Early Access document])<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> James Monroe to James Madison, 11 April 1831 (<a href=\"https:\/\/jamesmonroemuseum.umw.edu\/\">James Monroe Museum<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> James Madison to Tench Ringgold, 12 July 1831 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mjm020972\/\">Madison Papers, Library of Congress<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>“It falls to my lot to communicate to you the death of our excillent [sic] friend Mr Monroe. he died exactly at half past 3 oClock P.M after a lingering illness, but easy death. … What a remarkable coincidence of the deaths of three of our venerable revolationary [sic] Patriots & Presidents” (Tench Ringgold to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5811,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37803","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-monroe-myths","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - 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This well-intentioned content is often attempting to fill a vacuum created by Monroe himself. While his voluminous surviving correspondence of nearly 40,000 documents provides valuable insight into the the political development of the early Federal period of American history, his private nature left minimal insight into his detailed activities, personal matters, or private thoughts.<\/p>\n<p>The new blog series <em>Monroe Myths<\/em> will focus on corrections or clarifications to misinformation identified in the process of preparing Monroe’s papers for publication, and will address both the serious (“What were Monroe’s last words?”) and the more lighthearted (“Did Monroe have a pet\u00a0 Siberian husky named Sebastian?”). While it will not post on a regular schedule, it will hopefully provide points of clarification and interest for those researching the life and times of America’s 5th president.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The ongoing research and publication of the Papers of James Monroe often brings its editors in contact with various myths and misconceptions connected to Monroe’s life and writings – misattributed quotes, inaccurate biographical information, and speculation into personal matters. This well-intentioned content is often attempting to fill a vacuum created by Monroe himself. While his […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5811,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37801","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-monroe-myths","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>New Blog Series: Monroe Myths - Papers of James Monroe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2021\/10\/07\/monroe-myths\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New Blog Series: Monroe Myths\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The ongoing research and publication of the Papers of James Monroe often brings its editors in contact with various myths and misconceptions connected to Monroe’s life and writings – misattributed quotes, inaccurate biographical information, and speculation into personal matters. 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Washington, DC was especially notorious for its unhealthy atmosphere and saw frequent outbreaks of disease such as influenza and yellow fever. During one such period in April 1815, James Monroe wrote to Thomas Jefferson that he \u201c…had suffer\u2019d much from a very severe attack of the sciatick, or rather of the prevailing <span class=\"markvre0kfb67\" data-markjs=\"true\" data-ogac=\"\" data-ogab=\"\" data-ogsc=\"\" data-ogsb=\"\">epidemic<\/span>k which seized on the weaker parts of the system. From this, I soon recoverd, so far as to attend to business, but have not yet regaind my strength, and am affected by cold & sometimes fever on the slightest exposure.\u201d Monroe had written to James Madison earlier that month, inquiring after Dolley Madison\u2019s health with regard to the same outbreak: \u201cWe hope that Mrs. Madison\u2019s indisposition, was the effect of the fatigue of the journey only, and not the\u00a0<span class=\"markvre0kfb67\" data-markjs=\"true\" data-ogac=\"\" data-ogab=\"\" data-ogsc=\"\" data-ogsb=\"\">epidemic<\/span>.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_37724\" style=\"width: 422px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37724\" class=\"wp-image-37724\" src=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/1815.04.26-to-Jefferson-excerpt-for-Lindsey-cropped-300x93.jpg\" alt=\"image of Monroe letter to Jefferson\" width=\"412\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/1815.04.26-to-Jefferson-excerpt-for-Lindsey-cropped-300x93.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/1815.04.26-to-Jefferson-excerpt-for-Lindsey-cropped-1024x319.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/1815.04.26-to-Jefferson-excerpt-for-Lindsey-cropped-768x239.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/1815.04.26-to-Jefferson-excerpt-for-Lindsey-cropped-1536x479.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/1815.04.26-to-Jefferson-excerpt-for-Lindsey-cropped-690x215.jpg 690w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/1815.04.26-to-Jefferson-excerpt-for-Lindsey-cropped-465x145.jpg 465w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/1815.04.26-to-Jefferson-excerpt-for-Lindsey-cropped.jpg 1592w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-37724\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, 26 April 1815 (Library of Congress, Jefferson Papers)<\/p><\/div>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>Historians often sit at the crossroads of the past and the present, and as such, find a modicum of reassurance in the familiar sentiments of concern, resilience, and recovery echoed in the letters of earlier Americans.\u00a0 We hope that our <a href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/covid-19-resources\/\">assembled resources<\/a> provide an interesting (and possibly even useful) diversion during this time of difficulty and uncertainty.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>Sources:<\/p>\n<p>James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, 26 April 1815 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/mtj1.048_0066_0067\/?st=gallery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\">Library of Congress, Jefferson Papers<\/a>);\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/founders.archives.gov\/documents\/Jefferson\/03-08-02-0355\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series\u00a08:442\u2013444<\/a><\/i><br \/>\nJames Monroe to James Madison, 3 April 1815 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/mjm.26_1081_1084\/?st=gallery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\">Library of Congress, Madison Papers<\/a>);\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/founders.archives.gov\/documents\/Madison\/03-09-02-0147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\">The Papers of James Madison, Presidential Series\u00a09:135\u2013136<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Epidemics of varying degrees were not uncommon in the 19th century. Washington, DC was especially notorious for its unhealthy atmosphere and saw frequent outbreaks of disease such as influenza and yellow fever. During one such period in April 1815, James Monroe wrote to Thomas Jefferson that he \u201c…had suffer\u2019d much from a very severe attack […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5811,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37723","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-past-meets-present","entry","has-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>"From this, I soon recovered..." - Papers of James Monroe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2020\/04\/21\/epidemics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\""From this, I soon recovered..."\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Epidemics of varying degrees were not uncommon in the 19th century. 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the Curve in 1800"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-37718 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/Quarantine-cropped-155x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"155\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/Quarantine-cropped-155x300.jpg 155w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/Quarantine-cropped-530x1024.jpg 530w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/Quarantine-cropped-768x1485.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/Quarantine-cropped-795x1536.jpg 795w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/Quarantine-cropped-690x1334.jpg 690w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/Quarantine-cropped-465x899.jpg 465w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2020\/04\/Quarantine-cropped.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 155px) 100vw, 155px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>James Monroe was no stranger to doing his part to flatten the curve. In August of 1800, during his first term as governor of Virginia, he instituted a <span class=\"markfxj5pqgzy\" data-markjs=\"true\" data-ogac=\"\" data-ogab=\"\" data-ogsc=\"\" data-ogsb=\"\">quarantine<\/span> on ships traveling from Norfolk into other port cities in an effort to reduce the spread of yellow fever throughout the Commonwealth. <span class=\"markfxj5pqgzy\" data-markjs=\"true\" data-ogac=\"\" data-ogab=\"\" data-ogsc=\"\" data-ogsb=\"\">Quarantine<\/span>s for ships and their crews were not uncommon, and could last between 10\u201340 days.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>By the<\/i>\u00a0Governor\u00a0<i>of the<\/i>\u00a0Commonwealth\u00a0<i>of<\/i>\u00a0Virginia.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">A\u00a0PROCLAMATION.<\/p>\n<p>WHEREAS\u00a0satisfactory information has been received, that some contagious disease exists at Norfolk, which without due precaution, may be communicated to other parts of this Commonwealth, and it being the duty of the Executive, to prevent the spreading of the said disease, by causing the Laws made and provided for that purpose, to be faithfully executed:\u2014I have therefore thought fit with the advice of the Council of State, to issue this Proclamation, injoining all vessels coming from the said port of Norfolk up James River, to perform\u00a0<span class=\"markfxj5pqgzy\" data-markjs=\"true\" data-ogac=\"\" data-ogab=\"\" data-ogsc=\"\" data-ogsb=\"\">Quarantine<\/span>\u00a0at Jourdan\u2019s Point, and all other vessels coming from said port, to any other port within this commonwealth, to perform\u00a0<span class=\"markfxj5pqgzy\" data-markjs=\"true\" data-ogac=\"\" data-ogab=\"\" data-ogsc=\"\" data-ogsb=\"\">Quarantine<\/span>\u00a0at the places heretofore designated for such ports respectively, for the term of fifteen days, to be computed from the time they severally sailed from the said port of Norfolk.<\/p>\n<p>Excerpt, (Richmond)\u00a0<i>Enquirer<\/i>, 23 August 1800; Papers of James Monroe, 4:394 (<a id=\"LPlnk141770\" href=\"http:\/\/monroepapers.com\/items\/show\/1455\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\">http:\/\/monroepapers.com\/items\/show\/1455<\/a>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>James Monroe was no stranger to doing his part to flatten the curve. In August of 1800, during his first term as governor of Virginia, he instituted a quarantine on ships traveling from Norfolk into other port cities in an effort to reduce the spread of yellow fever throughout the Commonwealth. Quarantines for ships and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5811,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37715","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-past-meets-present","entry","has-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Flattening the Curve in 1800 - Papers of James Monroe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"James Monroe was no stranger to doing his part to flatten the curve.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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the Details"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">This post is the third in the series, “Documenting a First Lady”<\/h1>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2019\/08\/01\/new-first-lady-document-identified\/\">note recently located<\/a> in the archive at William & Mary is extremely short, but in examining its few details, we are able to make connections to the larger picture of the Monroes’ life in Washington, D.C.\u00a0 The note reads:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>M<u><sup>rs<\/sup><\/u> Monroe requests M<u><sup>r<\/sup><\/u> Smith will be so good as send by the bearer Tom, one hundred Dollars to the account of M<u><sup>r<\/sup><\/u> Monroe<br \/>\nSaturday<br \/>\nJanuary 21<u><sup>th<\/sup><\/u> 1815<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This is not the first reference to Elizabeth Monroe managing her own finances.\u00a0 Bank records from the Monroes\u2019 time in Washington show her withdrawing money for her own uses on other occasions as well. Given the glimpses of her independence and decisiveness shown in other surviving documents, it does not come as a surprise to see her accessing her own accounts in this way.<\/p>\n<p>The \u201cM<u><sup>r<\/sup><\/u> Smith\u201d to whom the note is addressed is Richard Smith, cashier of the Bank of the United States in Washington.\u00a0 The first record of the family’s account with this bank comes in 1811, at the beginning of Monroe’s appointment as secretary of state, and continues through his presidency.\u00a0 The majority of his banking interactions during those years are addressed to Richard Smith.<\/p>\n<p>The third named party is Tom, the bearer of the note.\u00a0 It appears that he is a member of the enslaved community that the Monroes brought with them to Washington, and is in a position of some trust and responsibility.\u00a0 This is the first mention of Tom individually.\u00a0 He is documented in two other instances during their years in the White House, when he was supervising the return of slaves engaged at the White House back to Monroe’s Charlottesville plantation, and when clothing was purchased on his behalf.\u00a0 These references occur in 1817 and 1820, respectively.\u00a0 The final reference to Tom comes in 1826, when Monroe detailed an incident in which Elizabeth lost consciousness and fell into an open fireplace, sustaining severe burns and bruising.\u00a0\u00a0 Immediately prior to the incident, she had stepped away to her rooms and closed the door behind her.\u00a0 A servant by the name of Tom was passing by, heard a commotion inside the room, and immediately sought help.\u00a0 He returned with the Monroes\u2019 daughter Eliza, who could, with propriety, enter her mother\u2019s rooms unbidden.\u00a0 Although further identifying information is not given, based on the time frame and context, it seems likely that these entries refer to the same man.<\/p>\n<p>Elizabeth Monroe’s documentary record is slim at best, but staff at the Papers of James Monroe continue to watch for hints and connections that will allow her story, and that of the members of their household, to be told more fully.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This post is the third in the series, “Documenting a First Lady”   The note recently located in the archive at William & Mary is extremely short, but in examining its few details, we are able to make connections to the larger picture of the Monroes’ life in Washington, D.C.\u00a0 The note reads: Mrs Monroe […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5811,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-documenting-a-first-lady","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - 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As a document? Which are being considered? In this case, Mrs. Monroe’s written records fall primarily into two categories: correspondence in which she is either the author or recipient, and documents written in her hand but that are not necessarily intended to be communicative, such as mortgages or transaction records, or instances where she assisted her husband in copying out his letters.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_37681\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37681\" class=\"wp-image-37681 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1792.03.15-EKM-to-Stone-cropped-ViFreJM-300x81.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"81\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1792.03.15-EKM-to-Stone-cropped-ViFreJM-300x81.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1792.03.15-EKM-to-Stone-cropped-ViFreJM-768x208.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1792.03.15-EKM-to-Stone-cropped-ViFreJM-1024x277.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1792.03.15-EKM-to-Stone-cropped-ViFreJM-690x187.jpg 690w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1792.03.15-EKM-to-Stone-cropped-ViFreJM-465x126.jpg 465w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1792.03.15-EKM-to-Stone-cropped-ViFreJM.jpg 1170w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-37681\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elizabeth Monroe’s signature on a letter to her friend, Margaret Stone (James Monroe Museum)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>By limiting the parameters to items where she is either author or recipient, rather than amanuensis or signatory, staff at the Papers of James Monroe are currently aware of six letters.\u00a0 These include three documents that she authored \u2013 a letter written to a friend during the early years of her marriage, another to James Monroe during a time of turmoil in her extended family, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalarchive.wm.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/10288\/22471\/SC00137_20171010.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y\">recently identified note<\/a> held by the College of William & Mary, written in 1815.\u00a0 Three letters addressed to her have survived as well, one each from <a href=\"http:\/\/monroepapers.com\/items\/show\/362\">her husband<\/a>, her son-in-law, and <a href=\"http:\/\/tjrs.monticello.org\/letter\/575\">a family acquaintance<\/a>. She also regularly assisted her husband with his own correspondence by copying out letters for him, an act which preserved additional documents in her handwriting. Several deeds and records of property transactions in which she is named bear her signature and are held in various courthouse records throughout Virginia.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_37682\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37682\" class=\"wp-image-37682 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1787.04.13-to-EKM-cropped-DLC-300x48.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"48\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1787.04.13-to-EKM-cropped-DLC-300x48.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1787.04.13-to-EKM-cropped-DLC-768x123.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1787.04.13-to-EKM-cropped-DLC-690x111.jpg 690w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1787.04.13-to-EKM-cropped-DLC-465x75.jpg 465w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1787.04.13-to-EKM-cropped-DLC.jpg 891w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-37682\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The only known surviving letter to Elizabeth Monroe from her husband, James Monroe, written in 1787 (Library of Congress)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The absence of surviving letters is not to be construed as an absence of activity on Elizabeth’s part.\u00a0 James Monroe’s letters to his sons-in-law, George Hay and Samuel Gouverneur, reveal a decade of regular correspondence between his wife and their two daughters, in which she relayed everything from recommendations for architectural modifications to a house under construction to queries into the health of her children and grandchildren (a topic which gave her greatest concern).\u00a0 Mrs. Monroe, one of five children herself, maintained regular contact with her family in New York as well.\u00a0 Following her death in 1830, Monroe burned the remainder of his wife’s correspondence, in keeping with a consideration of privacy and respect that was common to the era.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_37680\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37680\" class=\"wp-image-37680 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1811.03.18-to-Brent-with-EKM-handwriting-cropped-DLC-240x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1811.03.18-to-Brent-with-EKM-handwriting-cropped-DLC-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1811.03.18-to-Brent-with-EKM-handwriting-cropped-DLC-768x959.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1811.03.18-to-Brent-with-EKM-handwriting-cropped-DLC-820x1024.jpg 820w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1811.03.18-to-Brent-with-EKM-handwriting-cropped-DLC-690x862.jpg 690w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1811.03.18-to-Brent-with-EKM-handwriting-cropped-DLC-465x581.jpg 465w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/09\/1811.03.18-to-Brent-with-EKM-handwriting-cropped-DLC.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-37680\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An 1811 letter in which Monroe explains that Elizabeth is assisting him in his correspondence by copying the lower portion of the letter, noting to the recipient that this demonstrates the high level of confidentiality which he is maintaining of the contents.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The lack of surviving primary sources forces historians to be circumspect in where and how we find information about this enigmatic First Lady.\u00a0 Earlier biographical writings often draw from the same narrow field of third-person accounts of her, written by those who only encountered her in brief social settings, and were not a part of her inner circle.\u00a0 Reliance solely on these types of sources have led to her being variously misclassified as shy, retiring, anti-social, or overwhelmed by the demands of life in Washington, DC.\u00a0 These writings fail to take into account her upbringing as the daughter of an upper-class Manhattan merchant, her decade abroad in Europe as the wife of a diplomat, and her extensive experience as a politician\u2019s wife, which included Monroe\u2019s four terms as governor of Virginia and six years as secretary of state.\u00a0 Monroe\u2019s records clearly indicate that he regularly sought out and acted on her observations and opinions, and that the nuanced approach they took redefining the etiquette and formality of the White House was a carefully considered joint undertaking. Correspondence that has more recently come to light give much more intriguing glimpses into her observant, decisive, and independent nature and demand a revision of the earlier narrative of a fragile and retiring First Lady.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>Editors at the Papers of James Monroe always maintain the hope that additional documents will be located over time, and allow us to better understand the life and character of Elizabeth Monroe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This post is the second in the series “Documenting a First Lady” When discussing First Lady Elizabeth Monroe and the paucity of her written record, the immediate follow-on question is nearly always \u201cHow many of her letters have survived?\u201d Quantifying the documentary record of any historic figure relies heavily on semantics \u2013 specifically, what counts […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5811,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37679","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-documenting-a-first-lady","entry","has-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Documenting a First Lady - Papers of James Monroe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/2019\/09\/26\/documenting-a-first-lady\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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First Lady Document Identified"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-36011 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2014\/06\/EKM-sketch.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"134\" height=\"187\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>This post is the first in the series “Documenting a First Lady”<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Conditioned as we are to the accessible and often voluminous correspondence of many early Americans, it frequently comes as a surprise to both the public and scholars to find out that there are fewer than a half-dozen surviving documents written by <a href=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/biography\/elizabeth-kortright-monroe\/\">Elizabeth Kortright Monroe<\/a>.\u00a0 According to their daughter, Eliza Hay, James Monroe burned his wife\u2019s correspondence following her death in 1830.\u00a0 Such an act would not have been considered unusual by their contemporaries, as individuals of this era held a strongly defined sense of what constituted private, rather than public, correspondence. To historians, however, the five letters that currently constitute Elizabeth Monroe\u2019s entire body of correspondence function as a tarnished mirror, allowing only fleeting and incomplete glimpses of this enigmatic First Lady.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_37629\" style=\"width: 366px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/digitalarchive.wm.edu\/handle\/10288\/22471\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37629\" class=\"wp-image-37629\" src=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/08\/1815.01.21-EKM-to-Smith-cropped-300x139.jpg\" alt=\"note written by Elizabeth Monroe\" width=\"356\" height=\"165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/08\/1815.01.21-EKM-to-Smith-cropped-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/08\/1815.01.21-EKM-to-Smith-cropped-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/08\/1815.01.21-EKM-to-Smith-cropped-1024x474.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/08\/1815.01.21-EKM-to-Smith-cropped-690x320.jpg 690w, https:\/\/academics.umw.edu\/jamesmonroepapers\/files\/2019\/08\/1815.01.21-EKM-to-Smith-cropped-465x215.jpg 465w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-37629\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of Swem Library, College of William & Mary<\/p><\/div>\n<p>For decades, only one letter in her handwriting was known to have survived.\u00a0 \u00a0Addressed to her friend, Margaret Stone of Maryland, and written from Philadelphia in 1792, it is held in the collections of the James Monroe Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia.\u00a0 In 2014, staff at the Papers of James Monroe were made aware of the existence of a second letter, which is held in a private collection.\u00a0 This letter, written in 1793 from Elizabeth to James, added a wonderful depth and nuance to her character, highlighting her intelligence, independence, and forthrightness.\u00a0 \u00a0A recent review of the archives at William & Mary has now revealed a third item, a <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalarchive.wm.edu\/handle\/10288\/22471\">short note written in 1815<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>This note, easily identifiable by her distinctive handwriting, was written during her husband\u2019s tenure as secretary of state under president James Madison.\u00a0 In full, it reads:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><strong>M<sup>rs<\/sup> Monroe requests M<sup>r<\/sup> Smith will be so good as send by the<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>bearer Tom, one hundred Dollars to the account of M<sup>r<\/sup> Monroe.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Saturday January 21<sup>th<\/sup> 1815\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>In the world of documentary editing, where this find has increased the known body of correspondence by 20%, the existence of such a document is significant.\u00a0 While the contents are not deeply illustrative, they add shading and color to the continuously developing portrait of Elizabeth Monroe and the fascinating life that she led.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>  This post is the first in the series “Documenting a First Lady” Conditioned as we are to the accessible and often voluminous correspondence of many early Americans, it frequently comes as a surprise to both the public and scholars to find out that there are fewer than a half-dozen surviving documents written by Elizabeth […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5811,"featured_media":36011,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[35,33],"class_list":["post-37628","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-documenting-a-first-lady","tag-archives","tag-elizabeth-monroe","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - 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